As a result of Insulinfehlsteuerung it comes to increased sugar levels in the blood and simultaneous glucose deficiency in the body cells. Because glucose is still normal recorded from the intestine into the bloodstream, occur especially after carbohydrate meals very high blood sugar.
With rising blood sugar is in the range from 160 to 180 mg / dl (milligrams per deciliter – unit of measurement for blood sugar), the renal threshold for glucose is exceeded, (more…)
Blood sugar is officially called “blood sugar”. No man can without glucose, because it gives the body energy causes all muscles and organs work. Glucose comes from carbohydrates in the diet. Carbohydrates are not only sweet things like sugar and fruit, but also in some vegetables, milk, bread and potatoes and other starches. Of carbohydrates the body produces glucose, which is in the blood as blood and goes to all body cells for energy. But too much is not good. Normally, the body ensure that exactly enough insulin release to glucose in the blood processing. This keeps the blood sugar level is always within certain limits. When diabetes is balanced way.
Models Diet
The recommendations of the meal plan can be given in the form of menus or through food exchange tables, a more complex system initially but that provides greater long term flexibility. These systems are combined, can provide food exchange lists a set menu. The type of eating plan is very dependent on individual characteristics, is essential to make an adaptation usual lifestyle. It must take into account the presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, renal or liver or other processes for making the necessary changes in the meal plan.
Once calculated the necessary caloric needs, we provide a 55-60% in the form of Carbohydrates. In the diets by trade, an exchange of HC is equivalent to 10 g of HC. Each exchange of HC is an amount of food that, among other nutrients, contains 10 grams of Carbohydrates. For example in a 2000 kcal diet should be 60% HC (1200 kcal). As each gram of HC gives 4 kcal, 300 g of HC is what we need to generate 1200 kcal. 300g 10 g of HC per exchange, involving 30 exchanges of HC to be distributed throughout the day as directed by the specialist and the type of insulin treatment.
What are these calories should be provided?
General recommendations on the composition of the diet of a person with diabetes does not differ from what is considered a healthy diet for the general population. Usually considered to be provided the necessary calories to 55-60% at the expense of carbohydrates, 12-15% at the expense of protein and 25% from fat.
At Carbohydrate (HC) are also called sugars or carbohydrates. Each gram of HC provides 4 calories. Impose the greatest and most immediate source of energy (our brain needs daily approximately 120 g of glucose to function properly). They are usually divided into simple sugars (rapidly absorbed, refined) and complex (slow absorption or taste not sweet). The early rise in blood glucose more quickly and usually in greater magnitude. Both, if accompanied by the intake of fiber and fat are absorbed more slowly.
The structural proteins serve to build our body and help repair damaged tissues. They are mostly found in meat and fish, as well as legumes and cereals. Should eat animal protein and vegetable, although those of animal origin have higher biological value. Each gram of protein provides 4 calories.
Fats also serve to provide energy while one gram of fat provides 9 calories. It is preferable to consume plant fats that animal.
What is the insulin?
Endogenous insulin production
Beta cells produce insulin in stages. The first stage is the production of proinsulin. Proinsulin is a molecule composed of a protein chain of 81 amino acids, which is a precursor of insulin. Beta cells of the pancreas making process proinsulin to insulin by enzymatic removal of C-peptide, which is a structure of 30 amino acids that connects the A and B chains (21 and 30 amino acids, respectively).
C-peptide has no known function. However, it is secreted in the same quantities as insulin and, in fact, it circulates in the blood longer than insulin, making it a precise quantitative marker of beta cell function. Thus, normal levels of C-peptide suggest a relatively normal secretion of the pancreas.
Insulin is stored in secretory granules in beta cells, which are prepared for release in the bloodstream, in response to stimulation of an increasing concentration of glucose in blood. A normally functioning pancreas can manufacture and release daily from 40 to 50 units of insulin. It also has several hundred units stored and available to be segregated when needed
The role of insulin on the glucose
Glucose is the primary fuel for all body tissues. The brain uses about 25% of total body glucose. However, because the brain stores very little glucose, you always have to be a constant and controlled supply of available glucose in the bloodstream. The goal is to keep the brain working properly. In this sense, it is vital that the blood glucose level is maintained in a range of 60 to 120 mg / dl, in order to prevent a lack sumistro the nervous system.
Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Its function is to control the rate at which glucose is consumed in the muscle cells, fat tissue and liver.
Each of these types of body cells use glucose differently. This usage is determined by the specific enzyme system of each. Treatment of diabetes is based on the interaction of insulin and other hormones in the cellular processes of these three types of body cells. Glucose is the most important stimulus for insulin secretion.
Diabetes Diagnosed
How is diabetes diagnosed?
Diabetes is diagnosed by measuring the amount of blood glucose (blood sugar). The ideal way is measured in venous blood and the person fasting. To this figure we call fasting glycaemia.
There are other ways and circumstances to measure the amount of glucose in the blood glucose measured in capillary blood (finger clicking) or in people who are not fasting, these figures can help or even guide the diagnosis, but which should be used as reliable for the diagnosis, venous blood glucose and with the subject fasting (venous plasma fasting glucose).
There is a test called the Test of Oral Glucose Tolerance (OGTT) which involves administering a given amount of glucose to the fasting person and see how it behaves in the blood glucose over a certain time. That helps us determine whether that person has altered the mechanisms of metabolism of glucose. This test is used today almost exclusively in pregnant women.
What are the numbers of normal blood glucose and from when we talk about diabetes?
The amount of glucose in blood is considered normal when less than 110 mg / dl.
We talked about Diabetes Mellitus, if …
The fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal venous 126 mg / dl (7 mmol / l) at least twice.
There are symptoms of diabetes (see above) and a random plasma glucose greater than or equal venous 200 mg / dl (11.1 mmol / l). Although you’re not fasting. No need for a second determination.
The venous plasma glucose at 2 hours after oral loading test with 75 g of glucose is greater than or equal to 200 mg / dl (11.1 mmol / l).
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